PREDIKSI SOAL SNBT LITERASI BAHASA INGGRIS 2023 - 4

TEXT 1

A taste bud comprises of approximately 50 to 100 cells of three major types, each with different roles in sensing the five primary tastes (salt, sweet, bitter, sour, and umami). Taste bud cells turn over quickly, with an average lifespan of just 10 days. To explore changes in taste buds in obesity, the authors fed mice either a normal diet made up of 14% fat, or an obesogenic diet containing 58% fat. Perhaps unsurprisingly, after 8 weeks, the mice fed the obesogenic diet weigh about one-third more than those receiving normal chow. But strikingly, the obese mice had about 25% fewer taste buds than the lean mice, with no change in the average size or the distribution of the three cell types within individual buds.

The turnover of taste bud cells normally arises from a balanced combination of programmed cell death (a process known as apoptosis) and generation of new cells from special progenitor cells. However, the researchers observed that the rate of apoptosis increased in obese mice, whereas the number of taste bud progenitor cells in the tongue declined, likely explaining the net decline in the number of taste buds. Mice that were genetically resistant to becoming obese did not show these effects, even when fed a high-fat diet, implying that they are due not to the consumption of fat per se, but rather the accumulation of fatty tissue (adipose).

Obesity is known to be associated with a chronic state of low-grade inflammation, and adipose tissue produces pro-inflammatory cytokines -- molecules that serve as signals between cells -- including one called TNF-alpha. The authors found that the high-fat diet increased the level of TNF-alpha surrounding the taste buds; however, mice that were genetically incapable of making TNF-alpha had no reduction in taste buds, despite gaining weight. Conversely, injecting TNF-alpha directly into the tongue of lean mice led to a reduction in taste buds, despite the low level of body fat.

"These data together suggest that gross adiposity stemming from chronic exposure to a high-fat diet is associated with a low-grade inflammatory response causing a disruption in the balancing mechanisms of taste bud maintenance and renewal," Dando said. "These results may point to novel therapeutic strategies for alleviating taste dysfunction in obese populations."

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/03/180320141339.htm

1. The purpose of the text is to...

A. Explain how body weight can affect taste buds 

B. Describe taste buds in general

C. Promote a healthy diet for an obese individual 

D. Show some examples of mice experiments 

E. Provide ways to maintain body weight

2. Why did the researcher feed the mice by two different kinds of diets? 

A. To explore whether mice have taste buds

B. To examine changes in taste buds in obesity 

C. To prove that mice like obesogenic food more 

D. To give example how mice eat in a natural way 

E. To study about mice diet

3. What did happen to high-fat-fed mice in the experiment? 

A. They lost weight

B. Their Aptosis rate was decreased

C. They taste buds were not declined 

D. They adipose stops working

E. They became resistant to fat

4. Where does the result of this experiment may be directed to? 

A. New strategies to relieve taste dysfunction for obese people 

B. New therapeutic strategies to heal obese populations

C. Novel ways to alleviate dysfunction in obese people 

D. Innovation in health

E. Method to cure dysfunction in obesity

TEXT 2

The World Health Organization has added the term "gaming disorder" to its International Classification of Diseases. It refers to people who are addicted to video and other games and cannot stop. It is the first update in the WHO's catalogue in almost three decades.

According to the WHO, gaming becomes a disorder if you are unable to control how long you play and when to stop. When that happens, it gets control of your life, influences everyday situations, and affects your daily routine. WHO officials say that excessive gaming is a serious disorder that must be closely watched.

In order for a person to be regarded as having a gaming disorder, the behavior must be going on for at least one year, either constantly or in phases. Gamers put their addiction above their family life, meeting with friends, and going to school.

On one side studies have shown that playing video games may help with problems like depression and dementia. However, gaming is highly addictive and many people play for a longer time than is healthy. As a result, people get fired for not going to work or missing school classes for a longer period of time. Many continue with their addiction, even if they see and realize the negative consequences it leads to.

https://www.english-online.at/news-articles/health-medicine/world-health-organisation-introduces-gaming-disorder.htm

5. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. The characteristic of people whose gaming disorder 

B. A new disease called gaming disorder

C. Gaming disorder cases in the world

D. WHO has updated its International Classification of Diseases 

E. Gaming disorder effects on people's life and daily routine

6. How can gaming become a disorder? 

A. If gaming becomes a routine activity

B. If gaming disturbs people's daily routine

C. If people cannot control their duration of playing game 

D. If people cannot stop gaming on a daily basis

E. If people unable to control their life because of gaming

7. What is the negative effect of gaming disorder? 

A. Causing serious disorder

B. Controlling people's mind

C. Causing addiction

D. Disturbing someone's everyday life and routine 

E. Depression and dementia

8. The word "addictive" in the passage can be replaced by...

A. Obsession

B. Habit-forming

C. Dependent

D. Pleasurable

E. Unstoppable to do

TEXT 3

On Thanksgiving Day American people get together with their families and friends to give thanks for the past year. It is celebrated with big dinners and special food.

In December 1620, over 100 pilgrims came to America on the Mayflower and landed at Plymouth Rock. The following winter was very harsh and they didn’t have enough to eat, so more than half of them died. The next year friendly Indians helped them grow corn, barley, and other crops. The harvest was good and the governor of the colony William Bradford organized a festival to thank God for the food that he had given them.

The first Thanksgiving of 1621 lasted for three days. Men shot ducks, geese, and turkeys and caught fish. Ninety Indians came to the colonists and celebrated with them.

As time went on the custom of Thanksgiving spread from Plymouth to other New England colonies, but for many years to come the new country had no national Thanksgiving Day. In 1863 President Abraham Lincoln formally proclaimed that Thanksgiving should be celebrated on the last Thursday of November.
In 1939 President Franklin D. Roosevelt set the holiday a week earlier. He probably wanted to make the Christmas shopping season a bit longer. Today, the fourth Thursday in November is a holiday all over the United States.

The turkey has become the symbol of Thanksgiving. Roast turkey with cranberry sauce is one of the most popular meals that Americans have.

https://www.english-online.at/culture/thanksgiving/thanksgiving-day.htm

9. According to the text, how long did the American celebrate their first Thanksgiving Day?

A. It was in 1620.

B. It lasted for three days.

C. It was celebrated in December.

D. It was celebrated for a week.

E. It was celebrated in 1621.

10. When do American usually celebrate Thanksgiving Day?

A. On the last Friday of December

B. A week before Christmas

C. On the last Thursday of November 

D. On the fourth Thursday of November 

E. On the first Thursday of December

KUNCI JAWABAN DAN PEMBAHASAN