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TEXT 1
Lifestyle-related chronic illnesses, such as metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and dementia are rising at an alarming, epidemic rate. In this modern world of increasing lifespan, we are actually decreasing our health span, placing an undue burden on healthcare costs to society.
Modern medicine has largely gotten away from addressing key issues to prevent or even reverse some of these chronic conditions. Yet the evidence for successful interventions in four key areas – nutrition, sleep, physical activity, and stress management – to manage and control our health is mounting.
Lifestyle medicine as a part of personalized treatment and prevention of chronic illnesses is a necessary cornerstone of disease management as we look to the future. In this review, I discuss various key studies demonstrating the impact of lifestyle on epigenetic, endocrine, immunologic, and inflammatory changes which contribute to chronic disease and our overall health.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2186495019300173
A. MembiarkanB. MencegahC. MemilihD. MenahanE. Meyakinkan
TEXT 2
Long long time ago, there lived a king by the name Raden Putra. He ruled Jenggala Kingdom with his beautiful queen. He also had a concubine. His wife, the queen, and the concubine had a very contradictory characters. The queen was a kindhearted and wise person while the concubine was a cunning and envious person.
One day, the concubine decided to get rid of the queen so she can have the love and full attention of Raden Putra all for herself. With the help of an evil shaman, the concubine pretended to get ill and put the blame on the queen. All evidence that the shaman and the concubine brought to the king proved that the guilt was on the queen’s hand, so the king decided to banish the queen from the palace and instructed his servant to kill her without knowing that the queen was pregnant.
The queen was forced to leave the palace. The servant escorts the queen until they arrived in the jungle. The servant believed that the queen was innocent but there was nothing that he can do to defend the queen in front of the king. So, the servant decided to build a small hut for the queen. When he was about to return to the palace, he asks for a piece of the queen’s clothes and puts some blood of a wild rabbit on it so he can report to the king that he had fulfilled his duty.
The queen lived all by herself for months until she gave birth to a boy. The boy was very healthy and handsome. The queen named him Cindelaras. Years passed by, and Cindelaras grew into a kind, skillful, and strong young man. He spent his time playing with animals in the jungle. One day, an eagle dropped a chicken egg in front of Cindelaras. He picked it up and brought it to his hut.
Cindelaras kept the egg in a warm jar for a couple of days until it finally hatched. He took care of the chicken until it grew into a strong and bulky rooster. One day Cindelaras was so surprised when he heard that his rooster could talk just like a human. At that moment the rooster said:
“My master is Cindelaras”
“His house is in the middle of the jungle”
“His father is Raden Putra”
and the rooster kept repeating it over and over again. Cindelaras who felt curious about the rooster's statement finally decided to ask his mother about his origin. At first, his mother refused to tell him the truth but Cindelaras kept forcing her to explain everything until his mother had no other choice but to tell him the whole story.
When he learned the truth about himself, Cindelaras decided to go to Jenggala Kingdom to see his father, Raden Putra. On his way to the palace, he went through some village where he joined some cockfighting. His rooster won all the fights and he became famous in no time, especially with his unique rooster who kept saying that he was the son of the king at the end of every fight.
The news about Cindelaras and his mighty rooster spread quickly and reached the palace. Raden Putra who was a fan of cockfighting invited Cindelaras to the palace and challenged his rooster to fight the king’s rooster. He was so convinced that his rooster would not lose so he offered all of his wealth as a bet. Cindelaras agreed with the king’s offer and he offered his life as the bet if he lost the fight as he thought that it was the only precious thing that he can offer to the king.
The fight between the two roosters finally began. They both attacked each other fiercely. The king’s rooster tried so hard to lie its punch to Cindelaras’ rooster but Cindelaras’ rooster was very agile and it could dodge every blow. The battle took some time until finally Cindelaras’ rooster saw an opening and launched its ultimate attack and took down the king’s rooster. Cindelaras’ rooster won the fight and it started saying some things that it always said in every fight.
“My master is Cindelaras”
“His house is in the middle of the jungle”
“His father is Raden Putra”
A. BigB. HugeC. MediumD. LittleE. Tiny
A. LazyB. StrongC. PersistentD. SmartE. Weak
TEXT 3
How long will a baby born today live? 100 years? 120 years? Scientists are studying genes that could mean long life for us all. There are already many, many people who have passed the landmark age of 100. In fact, there are now so many healthy, elderly people that there’s a new term for them: the wellderly. These are people over the age of 80 who have no diseases such as high blood pressure, heart disease, or diabetes and have never taken medicines for these conditions.
There have been many scientific studies of communities where a healthy old age is typical. These include places like Calabria in southern Italy and the island of Okinawa in Japan. The small village of Molochio in Calabria has about 2,000 inhabitants. And of these, there are at least eight centenarians. When researchers ask people like this the secret of their long life, the answer is almost always to do with diet and is almost always the same: ‘I eat a lot of fruit and vegetables.’ ‘A little bit, but of everything.’ ‘No smoking, no drinking.’ While in the past scientists have looked at things such as diet and lifestyle for an explanation of long life, these days they are investigating genetics. One such researcher is Eric Topol, who says, ‘There must be genes that explain why these individuals are protected from the aging process.’
The new research into long life looks at groups of people who have a genetic connection. For example, one group of interest lives in Ecuador. In one area of the country, there are a number of people with the same genetic condition. It’s called Laron syndrome. The condition means that they don’t grow to more than about one meter, but it also seems to give them protection against cancer and diabetes. As a result, they live longer than other people in their families. Meanwhile, on the Hawaiian island of Oahu, there’s another group of long-lived men, Japanese-Americans. They have a similar gene to the Laron syndrome group.
Back in Calabria, scientists are trying to work out exactly how much longevity is due to genetics and how much to the environment. By checking public records going back to the 19th century, researchers have reconstructed the family trees of 202 nonagenarians and centenarians. They concluded that there were genetic factors involved. And they seemed to benefit the men more than the women – a surprising result because generally in Europe, there are five times more women centenarians than men. So, what really makes people live longer? It seems likely that it is an interaction of genes, the environment, and probably a third factor – luck.
A. They suffer from diabetes.B. They have the same dietC. They have similar genes.D. They have an unusual genetic illness.E. They live long and healthy lives.
A. It might help people with growth problems.B. It's rare and only owned by a few people in Ecuador.C. It shows that there is a genetic reason for old age.D. There are different versions of the syndrome.E. It has many advantages.
A. Affects people's height.B. Affects only men in Hawaii.C. Often leads to diabetes.D. Tend to be five times more likely to have men than women.E. Provide immunity against malaria.
TEXT 4
The Earth comprises three principal layers: the dense, iron-rich core, the mantle made of silicate rocks that are semi-molten at depth, and the thin, solid-surface crust. There are two kinds of crust, a lower and denser oceanic crust, and an upper, lighter continental crust found over only about 40 percent of the Earth's surface. The rocks of the crust are of very different ages. Some continental rocks are over 3,000 million years old, while those of the ocean floor is less than 200 million years old. The crusts and the top, solid part of the mantle, totaling about 70 to 100 kilometers in thickness, at present appear to consist of about 15 rigid plates, 7 of which are very large. These plates move over the semi-molten lower mantle to produce all of the major topographical features of the Earth. Active zones where intense deformation occurs are confined to the narrow, interconnecting boundaries of contact of the plates.
There are three main types of zones of contact: spreading contacts where plates move apart, converting contacts where plates move towards each other, and transforming contacts where plates slide past each other. New oceanic crust is formed along one or more margins of each plate by material issuing from deeper layers of the Earth's crust, for example, by volcanic eruptions of lava at midocean ridges. If at such a spreading contact the two plates support continents, a rift is formed that will gradually widen and become flooded by the sea. The Atlantic Ocean formed like this as the American and Afro-European plates moved in opposite directions. At the same time at the margins of converging plates, the oceanic crust is being reabsorbed by being subducted into the mantle and remelted beneath the ocean trenches. When two plates carrying continents collide, the continental blocks, too light to be drawn down, continue to float and therefore buckle to form a mountain chain along the length of the margin of the plates.
A. Adapts toB. Benefits fromC. Consists ofD. Focuses onE. Have contents
A. CrustsB. MantelC. KilometersD. PlatesE. Continents
TEXT 5
In taking up a new life across the Atlantic, the early European settlers of the United States did not abandon the diversions with which their ancestors had traditionally relieved the tedium of life. Neither the harshness of existence on the new continent nor the scattered population nor the disapproval of the clergy discouraged the majority from the pursuit of pleasure.
City and country dwellers, of course, conducted this pursuit in different ways. Farm dwellers in their isolation not only found it harder to locate companions in play but also, thanks to the unending demands and pressures of their work, felt it necessary to combine fun with a purpose. No other set of colonists took so seriously one expression of the period, "Leasure is time for doing something useful." In the countryside farmers, therefore, relieved the burden of the daily routine with such double-purpose relaxations as hunting, fishing, and trapping. When a neighbor needed help, families rallied from miles around to assist in building a house or barn, husking corn, shearing sheep, or chopping wood. Food, drink, and celebration after the group work provided relaxation and soothed weary muscles.
The most eagerly anticipated social events were the rural fairs. Hundreds of men, women, and children attended from far and near. The men bought or traded farm animals and acquired needed merchandise while the women displayed food prepared in their kitchens, and everyone, including the youngsters, watched or participated in a variety of competitive sports, with prizes awarded to the winners. These events typically included horse races, wrestling matches, and foot races, as well as some nonathletic events such as whistling competitions. No other occasions did so much to relieve the isolation of farm existence.
With the open countryside everywhere at hand, city dwellers naturally shard in some of the rural diversions. Favored recreations included fishing, hunting, skating, and swimming. But city dwellers also developed other pleasures, which only compact communities made possible.
A. They followed a pattern begun in Europe.B. They were enjoyed more frequently than in Europe.C. The clergy organized them.D. They tended to prefer to live in urban areas.E. Only the wealthy participated in them.
A. AtlanticB. EuropeansC. United StatesD. DiversionsE. Ancestor
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